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Intelligence library // 415 briefings
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Practical AI governance guides, regulatory analysis, and research, for enterprise leaders, businesses, and individuals navigating the AI landscape.
For Enterprise308+
Boards, APRA, ASIC, controls & programmes
Start hereFor Business & SMEs54+
Privacy Act, ACCC consumer law, AI6 basics
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Founder guide, investor due diligence, EU AI Act
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Your rights, Right to Disconnect, AI at work
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Japan 10 min read 2026
Japan's AI Promotion Act vs the EU AI Act: A Comparison of Two Governance Models
Japan's penalty-free AI Promotion Act and the EU's risk-based, penalty-bearing AI Act represent opposite governance philosophies. This comparison sets out the binding versus voluntary instruments, the post-Digital-Omnibus deadlines, the penalty structures, and what the divergence means for organisations operating in both markets.
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Japan 13 min read
Japan AI Governance Checklist for Enterprises: A Practical Compliance Roadmap
2026
Japan regulates AI mainly through voluntary guidelines, not a binding AI statute. This checklist sets out what enterprises operating in Japan actually need to do, from APPI and Copyright Act compliance to alignment with the AI Guidelines for Business and sector rules.
Japan 12 min read
AI Governance in Japanese Healthcare: How PMDA, the AI Promotion Act, and APPI Actually Apply
2026
Japan regulates AI in healthcare mainly through law that predates AI itself: the PMD Act and PMDA's SaMD framework for medical devices, the Medical Practitioners Act for who may diagnose, and APPI for patient data. The AI Promotion Act and AI Guidelines for Business sit on top as voluntary layers. This article maps PMDA's approval pathways and AI-specific mechanisms like IDATEN, the physician-responsibility rule for AI diagnostic support, and practical governance steps for hospitals and medical AI developers.
Japan 11 min read
AI Governance in Japanese Manufacturing and Robotics: Where Physical AI Meets Old Safety Law
2026
Japan's industrial robotics strength is now the target of a national AI push, but the rules that actually bind manufacturers deploying AI in production come from decades-old safety and product liability law, not from the new AI Promotion Act.
Singapore 10 min read
AI Verify: Inside Singapore's AI Governance Testing Framework and Toolkit
2026
AI Verify is Singapore's voluntary AI governance testing framework and software toolkit, developed by IMDA and now stewarded by the AI Verify Foundation, a not-for-profit that operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of IMDA while running day to day operations independently. This deep dive covers what it tests, how it extends into Project Moonshot and the Global AI Assurance Sandbox, its relationship to the Model AI Governance Framework, and how its voluntary self-assessment model compares to NIST's AI RMF and the EU AI Act's mandatory conformity assessment.
Singapore 11 min read
Singapore vs Japan: Two Models of AI Governance Compared
2026
Singapore and Japan are both often labelled APAC's leading "soft law" AI governance models, but their architectures differ in important ways. This comparison examines how each structures voluntary guidance over binding general law, how their financial sector regulators approach AI oversight, and why governance built for one market does not automatically satisfy the other.
France 11 min read
CNIL's AI Governance Guidance in France: How It Interacts with the EU AI Act and GDPR
2026
France has no dedicated AI statute, so the CNIL's staged run of GDPR recommendations, on legal basis, training data, individual rights and model qualification, is the clearest practical rulebook for AI in France while the national EU AI Act authority designation remains unresolved.
France 11 min read
AI Governance in French Financial Services: What AMF and Banque de France/ACPR Expect
2026
France's financial regulators have built one of Europe's most developed AI supervisory records: the ACPR's 2020 explainability and governance framework, its 2026 algorithmic fairness consultation, and the AMF's evidence-first study of AI adoption, all layered under the EU AI Act and ESMA/EIOPA/EBA guidance.
Netherlands 10 min read
Inside the Netherlands' Algorithm Register: How Dutch Public Sector AI Transparency Works
2026
The Netherlands operates the algoritmeregister, a national public catalogue of government algorithms that predates the EU AI Act and reaches far beyond it. Here is how it works, who must use it, and why it stands on its own as a transparency mechanism.
Netherlands 9 min read
Netherlands: DNB, AFM and AI Governance in Financial Services
2026
DNB and AFM have supervised AI in Dutch financial services since well before the EU AI Act, from DNB's 2019 SAFEST principles to the 2024 joint report on AI and supervision. Here is how that domestic groundwork now sits alongside the AI Act, ESMA and EIOPA guidance, and DORA.
Spain 12 min read
AESIA: Inside Spain's Pioneering AI Supervisory Agency
2026
Spain's AESIA became the EU's first dedicated national AI supervisory agency in 2023, but its exact powers under the AI Act, market surveillance, single point of contact, sandbox operator, are still being finalised through a national bill before Congress. Here is what is verified, what remains pending, and what it means for organisations operating in Spain.
Spain 11 min read
Spain's Ley Rider: The Algorithmic Transparency Law That Predates the EU AI Act
2026
Spain's Ley Rider created Europe's first statutory algorithmic transparency duty in the employment relationship, a duty that reaches well beyond the gig platform workers it is best known for, years before the EU AI Act. Here is what it actually requires, how it has been enforced, and how it interacts with AEPD and the AI Act.
Global Expansion 10 min read
Australian Company Expanding to Japan: What Changes About AI Governance
2026
Australian companies expanding into Japan will find a familiar shape, two soft-law AI frameworks resting on binding general law, but the specifics diverge sharply. APPI's country-naming consent rule for cross-border transfers, Copyright Act Article 30-4's more permissive but conditional training-data exception, and a financial regulator (the FSA) that is still non-binding on AI all require separate analysis rather than a straight port of an Australian compliance program.
Global Expansion 9 min read
What Changes When an Australian Company Expands AI Governance to Singapore
2026
A practical comparison of Australia's AI6, Privacy Act and APRA framework against Singapore's Model AI Governance Framework, AI Verify, PDPA and MAS regime, with concrete steps for an AU compliance team before launching AI systems in Singapore.
Global Expansion 9 min read
Australian Company Expanding to the US: What Changes About AI Governance Obligations
2026
Australia runs on one national privacy framework plus voluntary AI6 guidance. The United States runs on a six-jurisdiction patchwork with no federal AI Act. Here is what actually changes, what stays familiar, and how to build a state-by-state compliance map before you expand.
Global Expansion 10 min read
Australian Company Expanding to the UK: What Changes About AI Governance Obligations
2026
A practical comparison of UK and Australian AI governance obligations for AU companies expanding into the UK, covering UK GDPR, the FCA Consumer Duty, and the EU AI Act's extraterritorial reach.
Global Expansion 11 min read
Expanding Into the EU: What Changes for an Australian Company's AI Governance Obligations
2026
A practical guide for Australian companies entering the EU market: how AI governance shifts from voluntary AI6 alignment to the binding, extraterritorial EU AI Act, what the Digital Omnibus timeline actually changed, and how the same Act plays out through different national regulators in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and France.
Retail 7 min read
Surveillance Pricing and AI Governance: US Retail Obligations in 2026
2026
The FTC's January 2025 surveillance pricing study found that pricing-technology vendors are helping at least 250 retail and grocery clients set individualised prices from consumer data as granular as browsing history and location. This guide sets out what the FTC actually found, how Section 5 applies to AI-driven pricing, the state disclosure and ban laws now in force, and the governance controls retailers should stand up.
United Kingdom 6 min read
The AI Growth Lab: Inside the UK's Regulatory Sandbox for AI
2026
The AI Growth Lab is the centrepiece of DSIT's Blueprint for AI Regulation, published 21 October 2025, letting government temporarily modify or waive specific rules so firms can trial AI products under supervision. As of July 2026 an advisory version has launched for legal services while the full rule-waiving sandbox, which needs primary legislation, is still being designed sector by sector.
United Kingdom 6 min read
The UK's AI Security Institute: From Bletchley Park to a Verified 2025 Rename
2026
The UK body once known as the AI Safety Institute was renamed the AI Security Institute on 14 February 2025, a shift in emphasis toward crime and security risks rather than a wholesale change of mandate. It remains an evaluation and research body with no power to block a product launch, and it kept publishing frontier model evaluations well into 2026.
United Kingdom 7 min read
How the UK Online Safety Act Intersects With AI: Chatbots, Deepfakes and CSAM
2026
The Online Safety Act was not built for AI, so Ofcom has spent 2024 to 2026 clarifying where generative AI chatbots, companion apps and AI-generated CSAM fall inside its illegal content and children's safety duties. This guide sets out Ofcom's actual codes, guidance and live investigations, and shows precisely where the UK's platform-side approach converges with, and diverges from, the EU AI Act's new product-level ban on nudifier apps.
United Kingdom 6 min read
The UK's Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard: What It Requires and Who It Covers
2026
The UK's Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard became mandatory for central government departments and qualifying arms-length bodies from December 2024, but the mandate stops well short of the whole public sector. This guide sets out exactly what an ATRS record must contain, which organisations are actually in scope, real published examples, and what a private-sector AI supplier should expect to be asked for.
AI at Work 6 min read
Exposure Is Not Risk: What the Evidence Actually Says About AI and Jobs
2026
Two of the most careful studies of AI and employment, from the International Labour Organization and Jobs and Skills Australia, reach the same conclusion: most work will be changed rather than eliminated. Their headline numbers are routinely reported as job losses. That is not what they measure.
AI at Work 5 min read
The Jobs Least Exposed to AI, and Why the Reason Matters
2026
Some occupations score low on both automation and augmentation exposure, and they have something in common: their tasks require physical action in unpredictable settings, or presence with another person. Understanding why is more useful than a list.